The Sentencing Reform Act Of 1984 - 1526 Words

The Sentencing Reform Act is associated with the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, were the U.S. federal statute increased the consistency in the United States federal sentencing. The Sentencing Reform Act created the United States Sentencing Commission. This act allowed the independent commission into the judicial branch of the United States Sentencing Commission. It consists of seven voting members and one nonvoting member. For the sake of the United States Sentencing Commission, there are regulations that establish sentencing policies and practices for the Federal criminal justice system, which ensures a meeting of the purposes of sentencing. Judges are also bestowed the power to determine the legitimacy of convictions. The aspiration of the Sentence Reform Act was to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar criminal conduct Also to allow the Judicial system to process.... The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 created an adjustment change in federal criminal sentencing policy and practice. Another act that contributed with the Sentencing Reform Act was the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. The Sentencing Reform Act abolished parole in the federal system, which created the United States Sentencing Commission. Sections of the administration s committee were given responsibilities when it came to criminal sentencing. With the Sentencing Reform Act being in place, federal judgesShow MoreRelatedMandatory Minimums And The United States Justice System1007 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal sentencing guidelines used for nearly two decades† (Kenneth Jost, 2004), despite this, nothing has been done to correct it. And while the idea of mandatory minimums is a good thing, they don’t work in the American justice system or in current American society. Mandatory minimum sentencing is the minimum time for certain crimes, usually drug related crimes. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, there were no mandatory minimums with sentencing (Evan Bernick and Paul Larkin, 2014). In 1984, CongressRead MoreCriminal Sentencing Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial discretion was prevalent over the first half of the last three decades, but has been regulated by legislature since 1984. Discretion by definition is the authorization of deciding as one thinks fit, absolutely or within limits (Ntanda, 1999). Indeterminate sentencing, traditionally, has afforded judges considerable discretion over the resolve of criminal sentencing. â€Å"While such discretion theoretically allows judges to tailor sentences to the circumstances of individual crimes and criminalsRead MoreThe Supreme Court Cases That Have Shaped Our Interpretation Of The Constitution1179 Words   |  5 Pagesconstitutional system that itself limits the authority to delegate ; Schechter v. United States deals with this issue directly (Schechter v. United States). Schechter v. United States deals with the implementation of the National Industrial Recovery Act, set in place by Roosevelt in 1933. This court case rendered the NIRA, one of the more significant variables in Roosevelt’s New Deal, unconstitutional based on nondelegation doctrine that limits the delegation of legislative powers by Congress. TheRead MoreEffect of the Police on the Prison Population Essays1357 Words   |  6 Pagesstreets of American cities. The method of policing has a tremendous impact on the outcome of the situation, meaning the type of policing determines the amount of arrests mad and the amount of inmates incarcerated. The historical pattern of prison sentencing has always shown that the offenders almost always served a much shorter sentence than the amount of time they were given by the court. Prisoners have always had different methods available to assist in decreasing the amount of time they have toRead MoreAbolishing Mandatory Minimum Sentencing On The United States1690 Words   |  7 PagesAbolishing Mandatory Minimum Sentencing in the United States EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The concept of mandatory minimum sentencing has been plaguing the justice system of the United States of America for too many years and therefore must be abolished. If mandatory minimum sentencing were to be done away with, then the criminal justice system could finally start to bring desperately needed change to itself and start to get back to where it needs to be; a system that takes people with a problem andRead MoreEssay about Bail Reform Acts790 Words   |  4 PagesBail Reform Act of 1984 History 1) Judiciary Act of 1789 ul li Defined bailable offenses and established judicial limits on setting bail li All noncapital offenses were bailable li Bail was left to the discretion of the federal judge /ul 2) Bail Reform Act of 1966 ul li Established a statutory presumption in favor of pretrial release in all noncapital cases li Primarily concerned with defendants flight li Attempt to set reasonable conditions of pretrial releaseRead MoreImpact of Sentencing Guidelines2422 Words   |  10 PagesHead: THE IMPACT OF SENTENCING GUIDELINES The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on the Criminal Justice System Talisha L Alexander Survey of Public Safety Issues, Theory, and Concepts Abstract Our criminal-justice system has an obligation to impose just sentences. The United States Sentencing Commission is the result of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, which sought to change the federal criminal sentencing policy and practiceRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1613 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent mandatory minimum sentencing laws are in dire need of reform. A mandatory minimum sentence is a court decision where judicial discretion is limited by law. As a result, there are irrevocable prison terms of a specific length for people convicted of particular federal and state crimes. As of January 2014, more than 50 percent of inmates in federal prisons are serving time for drug offenses, and more than 60 percent of people incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. The use of safetyRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe establishment of mandatory minimum sentencing laws has been a policy blunder since their proliferation in the 1980s. Mandatory minimum laws are negatively affecting the U.S, economically and socially. These laws effectively strip judges of their ability to adjudicate a fair punishment by setting a minimum sentence and handing their discretion over to prosecutors. A number of individuals and their families have been negatively affected by mandatory minimum penalties, however, there are othersRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences Imposed By Statute865 Words   |  4 Pagescrimes and subjected to unfair mandatory sentencing. â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes† (Famm, n.d.). â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentences imposed by statute are intended to achieve consistency in sentencing at the expense of individual consideration of the contextual sentencing factors† (Harvard Law Review, 2011). â€Å"These inflexible, one -size-fits-all sentencing laws may seem like a quick-fix solution

Simulation of a Bank Queue - 2976 Words

Contents Problem Definition and Goals 3 About the Bank 3 Logical Model 4 Data Gathering and Analysis 6 Arena Model Implementation 18 Step by Step implementation 18 Time Logic 18 Cutoff Logic 18 Verification and Validation 19 Prediction Function / Conclusion 23 Appendices 27 Appendix 1 : side Results 27 Problem Definition and Goals The purpose of this simulation to obtain important parameters of a bank queue, including bank information, queue length, waiting time in queue and expected wait time of customers in a bank. To obtain the appropriate function for predicting the queue waiting time we need a large numbers of observations. To obtain this data without the need to collect them directly, we simulate the bank work flow and†¦show more content†¦To guarantee our result we draw the distribution diagram of service time and number of people in the queue. The scattered diagram shows that we have different patterns of the distribution in different queue lines which supports our result. Next to determine if servers give service with the same distribution, we use Kruskal Wallis test again, we choose three different servers and do the test again. Kruskal-Wallis Test: service times versus server Kruskal-Wallis Test on service times server N Median Ave Rank Z 3 19 6.000 50.6 -0.07 4 24 7.500 54.3 0.64 6 7 5.000 42.3 -0.82 7 30 5.500 45.0 -1.34 8 21 8.000 59.0 1.41 Overall 101 51.0 H = 3.78 DF = 4 P = 0.437 H = 3.81 DF = 4 P = 0.432 (adjusted for ties) The p-value shows that there is no significant difference between the service times offered by the servers. For now we know that there is no significant between the service time in different days and service time offered by different servers so we choose two different days we check these data altogether. The p-value that we have for the mixture doesn’tShow MoreRelatedSimulation and Analysis of Bank Teller Manning2684 Words   |  11 PagesProceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference ed. C. Alexopoulos, K. Kang, W. R. Lilegdon, and D. Goldsman A SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BANK TELLER MANNING Donald Hammond Sathi Mahesh Department of Management The University of New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana U.S.A. ABSTRACT This paper presents an application study to find cost effective bank teller management policies for providing high quality service levels at reasonable costs in a modern banking system. Two models are developedRead MoreStatistical Analysis of Simulation Output Data4577 Words   |  19 PagesProceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference B. Johansson, S. Jain, J. Montoya-Torres, J. Hugan, and E. Yà ¼cesan, eds. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION OUTPUT DATA: THE PRACTICAL STATE OF THE ART Averill M. Law Averill M. Law Associates 4729 East Sunrise Drive, #462 Tucson, AZ 85718, USA ABSTRACT One of the most important but neglected aspects of a simulation study is the proper design and analysis of simulation experiments. In this tutorial we give a state-of-the-artRead MoreProject: Fast Food Automated Ordering System17025 Words   |  69 PagesBenefits 1. This will minimize the number of employees at the back of the counter. 2. The system will help to reduce the cost of labor. 3. The system will be less probable to make mistake, since it?s a machine. 4. This will avoid long queues at the counter due to the speed of execution and number of optimum screens to accommodate the maximum throughput. 5. The system will be available 24 hours for 365 days, because the machine is not going to take any sick or vacation leave. ScopeRead MoreSolutions Manual Discrete-Event System Simulation Third Edition Jerry Banks John S. Carson Ii Barry L. Nelson David M. Nicol August 31, 200017075 Words   |  69 PagesSystem Simulation Third Edition Jerry Banks John S. Carson II Barry L. Nelson David M. 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The result shows a high level of accuracy. The significance of this work is seen in Institutions of learning, hospitals, banks and Telecommunication companies. INTRODUCTION Cellular phones and other wireless devices have experienced exponential growth over the last decade, and this growth continues unabated worldwide, with more than a billion worldwide cell phone users projectedRead MoreEssay about Retrial Queues Systems3180 Words   |  13 PagesRetrial Queues have been widely investigated in different frameworks by various researches. The pioneer work on retrial queues can be found in the work of Purohit et al(2005) and survey papers by Arteljo (2000) Choi et al. (1992) considered an M/M/1 retrial queueing system in which the retrial time has a general distribution and only the customer at the head of the queue is allowed to retry for service. There has been rapid growth in the literature on retrial queues since then. Armero et alRead MoreWhy Are Information Systems So Essential For Running And Managing A Business Today?1458 Words   |  6 Pagesalternative gives the most beneficial result. †¢ Survival: Businesses invest in information systems to make jobs easy. A great example is Citibank. It introduced the first ATM machine to make it easier for customers to access their money and cut down queues in their banks. †¢ Records: Every organization needs records of its activities for financial and regulatory purposes and for finding the causes of problems in order to take corrective actions. Information systems store documents and revision histories, communication

Accounting Theory with Reference to Synergiz’s Research Publication

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory with Reference to Synergizs Research Publication. Answer: Introduction The study is particularly based on a research publication of Synergiz, wherein the financial impacts of the responses of BP P.L.C regarding the oil spill is evaluated. BP is a global energy (gas and oil) company, which operations in the deserts, deep seas as well as retail stations. It provides power and fuel for the purpose of mobility, heat and light to the customers across the world (BP, 2017). The selected article incorporates approaches related to damage valuation and its comparison with the relevantaccounting and reporting needs for better reliability (Houdet Germaneau, 2011). Thus, the objective of this report is to evaluate the responses with respect to the interest theory along with analyzing the role of the regulators or politicians. Furthermore, the motivation of the politicians and regulators are also critically scrutinized, in addition to the consideration of related events of such oil spills in the recent scenario and their impacts. Discussion Interest Theory with Respect to the Article The interest theory under the umbrella of public consist rules and regulations, which were used for the benefits and protection of the public in general (Hantke-Domas, 2003). As per the theory of Government, public interest model integrated voting in the process of decision-making by the authorities. According to which there are three public sectors and public goods such as legal institutions, national defense, welfare, education and services (fire and water protection, sewage disposals). Another sector is economic regulation, which involves economic market regulations including environmental and social regulations on the issues such as child labor, animal cruelty, public decency and working conditions. Particularly, environmental regulations covered the rights of public property (Maloney, 2001). Furthermore, with respect to the Public Interest Theory of the article, the oil spill in the deep water horizon caused significant damage that affected the public directly and indirectly. . This is also termed as BP Oil Spill in the marine ecosystem, and is also is known as the largest oil spill in the entire history of US. This was a matter of great concern and has become one of the most popular topics for debates due to its high intensity and level of damage to the marine environment. BP was the key developer of the particular oil field in which the accident had occurred, for which it was held responsible along with Transocean Ltd and Halliburton, who were constructing and operating in the oil field. Subsequently, BP had to bear cleanup costs as per the regulations of the public interest theory (Houdet Germaneau, 2011). As per the regulations of interest theory of public, the political leaders played a significant role in regulating this theory. Not only in the financial crisis but also in this great concern of oil spill, the politicians encouraged these regulations. This helped in protecting the American values and norms relating to the human health, economic stability and environment safety. In addition, their contribution to make a better energy policy was also found to be prominent. Thus, for regulating the operations of precautionary principles, BP took unnecessary risks in their further activities (Flournoy, Andreen, Bratspies, Doremus, Flatt, Glicksman, Mintz, Rohlf, Sinden, Steinzor, Tomain, Zellmer Goodwin, 2010). The motivation of political regulators was also important because of the fact it was affecting the environment, polluting the ecosystem. The oil spill thereby had long lasting effects, even after of the occurrence of the event. Therefore, the political pressure ensured better env ironmental disclosures by the organizations to the public in order to address such problems in future. In addition, it also focused on creating plans for disasters, which would comply with the theory of disclosures regarding the environment. It was not only the political leaders, but also various agencies were regulating these activities of protection after this massive oil spill, which resulted in enhancing the environmental risks in the minds of the investors as well as general public (Heflin Wallace, 2017). Thus, it can be opined that they were specifically concerned about the health issues that were evident after the spill, which was affecting the public. This factor was thus considered as one of the most essential factors that led the politicians as well as the regulators to implements these regulations. Responding to the Article with Arguments As per the article, there are various arguments that will be highlighted in this section of the study. It was observed that there was a significant need for adequate environmental reporting andaccounting with more reliability post oil spill, which was viewed to be a positive aspect.. However, there are some criticisms that it had not disclosed any details relating to the social and ecosystem damage. In addition, it did not display the underlying calculations and methodologies for its pre-tax charges, which accounted for US$40.9 billion. On the other hand, adequate information could have been utilized to calculate the global costs of such incidents. Another drawback was that the temporary impairment of the ecosystem assets and values were also missing. Therefore, it can be stated that the limited disclosure of BP restricted the stakeholders to understand the actual scenario of the implications of the oil spill in the context of environmental, social and financial aspects (Houdet Germ aneau, 2011). In the contrary, BP made regular claims of its efforts for global warming and related issues before the occurrence of the incident. It further highlighted its achievement for winning Best Greenwash award for the efforts of investing in the renewable energy. These efforts enhanced its social as well as environmental performance (Lyon Maxwell, 2006). However, the damage that it had caused with oil spill incident created a negative impression. Hence, it can be opined that non-disclosure of certain facts and figures post incident was considered to be misleading the public along with its investors and shareholders. Corresponding to the financial disclosures, it can be argued that BP provided the information for green washing rather than accountability and reliability. With respect to all the damages it had resulted in loss of resources and imbalance of the ecosystem, accounted for US $40.9 billion relating to the recovery from the disaster. Thus, corporate reporting was observed to be inadequate in its annual report with respect to the disclosures of information, also failed to reveal the actual loss, which did not comply with anyaccounting standard and accounting systems. This created dissatisfaction among the public and misguided proper environmental accounting from the viewpoint of shareholders and investors (Azad, 2017). However, according to Ismail (2017), there were various companies that had implemented policies, which helped in balancing the economic and social responsibility performances. This was done as a response to the various incidents of oil spills such as the Deepwater Horizon i n 2010, which raised several criticisms regarding the methods of extractions. This was often considered to be risky for the business. As a result of which various companies enhanced their accounting, financial and environmental reporting methods and standards (Ismail, 2017; Babcock, 2012). Recent Events In the recent context, various oil spill events were evident apart from the largest oil spill in the history that is the BP oil spill. Few of them were oil spill in Nigeria in 2010 in which 95,500 tons of oils was spilled in Niger Delta, which is depicted in Figure 1 below. Similar event was also observed in China in the same year with 90,000 tons of wastage. In addition, Venezuela in 2012, also suffered the incident, wherein it resulted 41,000 tons of oil was spilled (Figure 1) (Ismail, 2017). Figure 1: Major Oil Spills since Last Four Decades (Source: Ismail, 2017) It can be interpreted that irrespective of the fact, the recent the volume of oil spill all over the world has been low. However, in the year 2010, oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico was considered as one of the largest oil spills (ABC, 2010). Subsequently, there were two other oil spills incidents in 2010, which was followed by the most recent oil spill in 2012... According to Roser (n.d.), the large and medium sized oil spills have decreased in the recent years. However, between the years 1970-2016, tanker oil spill incidents have resulted in the wastage of 5.73 million tons of oil (Roser, n.d.). Chemical and oil spills in the waters right from collisions to accidents while fuel transfer or explosions as in the BP oil spill have occurred almost every year (NOAA, 2017). Another incident similar to oil spill events were pipeline spills especially in US. It was estimated that nearly 700 barrels of crude oil was spilled from pipelines particularly in North Dakota (RT, 2016). Another exam ple of such incidents was Greek oil spills, which created threats to the marine ecosystem, which was a result of a sunken tanker spill (Euronews, 2017). Additionally, the adverse effects of the Gulf oil spill was evident in the follow up plan in which the workers, who were carrying out clean-up activities were facing health issues (NIH, 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded that irrespective of the facts, the amount of oil spills in the recent years have significantly decreased. However, the adverse effects of already occurred events have not been totally eradicated. In addition, not only human beings but the natural environment and ecosystem as a whole have been massively affected by these disasters, small or big. Thus, it is necessary to have better plans for avoiding such incidents and come up with solutions against the adverse effects. It is therefore the responsibility of the production companies such as BP to have a sense of corporate social responsibility. In addition, it is essential for these companies to provide detailed accounting and financial reports. This would not only make them prepared for such events, but also build trust among the public, so that they can attract more shareholders and investors. Therefore, all the disclosures should be made by the companies irrespective of the intensity of the disasters. So , it wo uld be easier for the government and administrative authorities to take necessary decisions in making and amending accounting and financing policies. References ABC, 2010, Timeline: 20 years of major oil spills, ABC News, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-05-03/timeline-20-years-of-major-oil-spills/419898. Azad, M, 2017, BP's financial disclosure is greenwashing rather than accountability, Academia, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.academia.edu/3498045/BPs_financial_disclosure_is_greenwashing_rather_than_accountability Babcock, H. M, 2012, A risky business: Generation of nuclear power and deepwater drilling for offshore oil and gas, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 63-149. BP, 2017, About BP, BP P.L.C., viewed 21 September 2017,https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp.html Euronews 2017, Greek oil spill spreads: fears grow for marine life, World, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.euronews.com/2017/09/14/greek-oil-spill-spreads-fears-grow-for-marine-life Flournoy, A, Andreen, W.L, Bratspies, R.M, Doremus, H, Flatt, V.B, Glicksman, R.L, Mintz, J.A, Rohlf, D, Sinden, A, Steinzor, R.I , Tomain, J.P, Zellmer, S Goodwin, J, 2010, Regulatory blowout: How regulatory failures made the BP disaster possible, and how the system can be fixed to avoid a recurrence, Center for Progressive Reform,viewed 21 September 2017, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06t9s399#page-2 Hantke-Domas, M, 2003, The public interest theory of regulation: Non-Existence or misinterpretation?, European Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 15, pp. 165-194. Heflin, F Wallace, D, 2017, The BP oil spill: Shareholder wealth effects and environmental disclosures, Journal of Business Finance Accounting, vol. 44, no. (3-4), pp. 337-374. Houdet, J Germaneau, C, 2011, The financial impacts of BPs response to the deepwater horizon oil spill, Synergiz Case study 2011-01, pp. 1-5. Ismail, A. H, 2017, Oil and gas companies adopting policies aimed at balancing economic performance with social responsibilities, Environmental Accounting and Reporting, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.ogfj.com/articles/print/volume-14/issue-3/features/environmental-accounting-and-reporting.html Lyon, T. P Maxwell, J W, 2011, Greenwash: corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit, Journal of Economics Management Strategy, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.3-41. Maloney, M. T, 2001, 19. The theory of government, A Study In Property Right, pp. 1-5. NIH, 2017, Gulf spill oil dispersants associated with health symptoms in cleanup workers, News Releases, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/gulf-spill-oil-dispersants-associated-health-symptoms-cleanup-workers NOAA 2017, Oil and chemical spills, National Ocean Service, viewed 21 September 2017, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/spills/ Roser, M, No Date, Oil spills, Our World in Data, viewed 21 September 2017, https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills/ RT, 2016, Top 5 disasterous pipeline spills of 2016, Autonomous Nonprofit Organization, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.rt.com/usa/371086-worst-pipeline-accidents-2016/